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Polish Americans
Polish Americans are Americans who are of total or partial Polish descent. There are an estimated 9.5 million Polish Americans, representing about 3% of the U.S. population.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Ancestry: 2000 )〕 Polish Americans are the largest European ethnic group of Slavic origin in the United States, second largest Central and Eastern European group and the eighth largest immigrant group overall.
Polish immigration began in 1608, when the first Polish settlers arrived at the Virginia Colony as skilled craftsmen. Since the beginning of the Polish immigration to the United States, until the mid-20th century, Poles were victims of an anti-Polish sentiment among the American society, partially based on ethnic prejudice against Poles, and partially caused by their non-Protestant, Roman Catholic religion. At the time ethnic Poles in America were viewed as a non-white racial group. Two early immigrants, Kazimierz Pułaski and Tadeusz Kościuszko, led armies in the Revolutionary War and are remembered as national heroes. Overall, more than one million Poles have immigrated to the United States, primarily during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Exact immigration numbers are unknown. Many immigrants were classified as "Russian", "German", and "Austrian" by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service because the Polish state did not exist from 1795 to 1918, and its borders had been dismantled through World War I and World War II. Complicating the U.S. Census figures further are the high proportion of Polish Americans who marry outside their ethnicity; in 1940, about 50 percent married other American ethnics, and a study in 1988 found that 54 percent of Polish Americans three generations or higher had been of mixed ancestry. The ''Polish American Cultural Center'' places a figure of Americans who have some Polish ancestry at 19-20 million.
In 2000, 667,414 Americans over 5 years old reported Polish as the language spoken at home, which is about 1.4% of the census groups who speak a language other than English or 0.25% of the U.S. population.
==History==
(詳細はGermany, Russia, and Austria. They came in family groups, and settled in Polonia – largely Polish neighborhoods. They were drawn by the relatively high wages and ample job opportunities for unskilled manual labor in industry and mining. The main Polish-American organizations were founded, and the Polish Americans were highly interested in the Catholic church, parochial schools, and local community affairs. Few were politically active. The third stage, since 1914, has seen a small amount of immigration, and the coming of age of numerous later generations of fully assimilated Americans. The income levels have gone up from well below average, to above average. Poles became active members of the liberal New Deal Coalition from the 1930s to the 1960s, but since then they have moved to the suburbs and have become more conservative and vote less heavily Democratic.〔Victor Greene, "Poles" in Stephan Thernstrom, ed., ''Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic groups'' (Harvard University Press, 1980) pp 787-803〕
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